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<\/figure>\n\n\n\nA brief explanation of common drilling terms
Drill bit
Drill bit\uff08MacDrill\uff09is mainly divided into: scraper drill; Cone bit; Diamond drill bit; Carbide drill bit; Special drill bit, etc. The main indicators to measure the drill bit are: bit penetration and mechanical drilling rate.
Eight pieces of drill
The eight parts of the drilling rig are: derrick, crane, travelling block, hook, faucet, winch, turntable, mud pump.
Drill string composition and its function
The common components of the drill string are: drill bit, drill collar, drill pipe, stabilizer, special joint and kelly pipe. The basic functions of the drill string are: (1) to pull off the bit; (2) Apply weight on bit; (3) Transfer power; (4) Conveying drilling fluid; (5) Special operations: squeezing cement, dealing with underground accidents, etc.
Properties and functions of drilling fluid
The properties of drilling fluid are: (1) density; (2) Viscosity; (3) yield value; (4) static shear force; (5) Water loss; (6) Thickness of mud cake; (7) sand content; (8) pH; (9) Solid phase, oil and water content. Drilling fluid is the blood of drilling, and its main functions are: 1) carrying and suspending cuttings; 2) Cooling and lubricating (Liquid-O-Ring 236) drill bits and drilling tools; 3) Clean and wash the bottom of the well, which is conducive to drilling; 4) Use drilling fluid column pressure to prevent blowout; 5) Protect the shaft wall to prevent the shaft wall from collapsing; 6) Transfer power for downhole power drilling tools.
Commonly used drilling fluid purification equipment
Commonly used drilling fluid purification equipment: (1) vibrating screen, the role is to remove more than the size of the sieve sand; (2) The cyclone separator is used to remove particles smaller than the size of the vibrating screen; (3) Screw centrifugal separator, the role is to recover barite, separate clay particles; (4) Sieve cylinder centrifugal separator, the role is to recover barite.
Circulation procedure of drilling fluid
Drilling fluid tank via pump \u2192 surface manifold \u2192 riser \u2192 hose, faucet \u2192 inside drill string \u2192 bit \u2192 outer ring space of drill string \u2192 wellhead, mud (drilling fluid) tank \u2192 drilling fluid purification equipment \u2192 drilling fluid tank.
Damage of drilling fluid to oil and gas formation during drilling
The main damage is as follows: (1) Solid particles and mud cake block the oil and gas channel; (2) The filtration fluid causes the clay in the formation to expand and block the formation pores; (3) Ions in the drilling fluid filtrate interact with formation ions to precipitate and block the channel; (4) Produce water lock effect, increase oil and gas flow resistance.
Methods for predicting and monitoring formation pressure
(1) Seismic method is used before drilling; (2) In drilling, mechanical drilling rate method, d, dc index method and shale density method are used; (3) After completion, density logging, acoustic time lag logging, oil testing and other methods are used.
Fluid hydrostatic pressure and variation during drilling
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of the drilling fluid itself. When drilling changes, cuttings entering will increase the liquid column pressure, oil, gas and water intrusion will reduce the hydrostatic pressure, and the drop of drilling fluid level in the well will reduce the hydrostatic pressure. The methods to prevent the change of fluid hydrostatic pressure are as follows: effectively purify drilling fluid; Fill up drilling fluid in time.
Jet drilling
Jet drilling is a kind of drilling method that uses the hydraulic action of high speed jet generated when drilling fluid passes through the jet bit nozzle to improve the mechanical drilling rate.
Factors affecting penetration rate
(1) Weight on bit, rotational speed and drilling fluid displacement; (2) Properties of drilling fluid; (3) the hydraulic power of the drill; (4) Rock drillability and drill bit type.
Core drilling tool composition
(1) Core drill bit: used to drill the core; (2) Outer core barrel: withstand bit weight and transmit torque; (3) Inner core barrel: storage and protection of core; (4) Core claw: cutting, supporting and removing the core; (5) There are suspension bearings, water flow head, back pressure Val, centralizer, etc.
coring
Core-taking is the use of special core-taking tools in the drilling process to take underground rock blocks to the ground, this block of rock called core, through which you can determine the various properties of the rock, intuitively study the underground structure and rock deposition environment, understand the fluid properties and so on.
Balanced pressure drilling
In the process of drilling, a drilling method that always protects the hole pressure equal to the formation pressure is called balanced pressure drilling.
blowout
It is the phenomenon that fluid in the formation is expelled from the surface or flows into other strata in the well. The causes of blowout are: (1) The formation pressure is inaccurate; (2) Low mud density; (3) the height of slurry column in the well is reduced; (4) drilling suction; (5) Improper other measures, etc.
Soft shut-in
It is a kind of shut-in method in which the throttle valve is opened first, then the blowout preventer is closed, and then the throttle is closed tightly. Because this can ensure that the shut-in wellhead casing pressure value does not exceed the allowable wellhead casing pressure value, to ensure well control safety, once the well pressure is too large, throttling can be released.
Display of overflow during drilling
(1) The fluid level of the drilling fluid storage tank rises; (2) Acceleration of drilling fluid outlet flow rate; (3) Acceleration of drilling rate or emptying; (4) drilling fluid circulation pressure decreased; (5) downhole oil, gas and water display; (6) Drilling fluid performance changes at export.
Overflow shut-in procedure
(1) Stop the pump; (2) Lifting the kelly pipe; (3) Properly open the throttle valve; (4) Shut down the blowout preventer; (5) Try to close the throttle valve; (6) Send a signal and promptly report to the team leader and technician; (7) Accurately record the column and casing pressure and mud increment.
Complex situation in well drilling
During drilling, due to the improper selection of drilling fluid type and performance, poor well quality and other reasons, underground resistance, stuck, serious bouncing, leakage, blowout, etc., can not maintain the normal drilling and other operations.
Drilling accident
It refers to the bad results of broken drilling tools, delayed drilling, stuck drilling and blowout fire caused by improper inspection, illegal operation, improper or negligent measures to deal with complex situations in the underground.
leakage
Well leakage is mainly found by the following phenomena: (1) the amount of drilling fluid pumped into the well > the return amount, and there is no inflow in serious cases; (2) The liquid level of drilling fluid tank drops, and the drilling fluid volume decreases; (3) Pump pressure decreased significantly. The more serious the leakage, the more obvious the drop in pump pressure.
Stuck drill and cause
Stuck drilling is in the process of drilling due to geological factors, poor drilling fluid performance, improper technical measures and other reasons, so that the drilling tool in the well for a long time can not move freely, this phenomenon is called stuck drilling. The main ones are adhesive sticking, sand settling sticking, sand bridge sticking, well collapse sticking, reducing sticking, mud pack sticking, falling object sticking and drilling tool falling off.
Methods to deal with stuck drilling accidents
(1) oil release card; (2) Use a jar to unlock the card; (3) Reverse milling; (4) explosive release; (5) Explosive drilling tool sidetracking new eyes, etc.
Well cementing
Cementing is to run a certain size of casing (Liquid-O-Ring 318) into the well and inject cement slurry around it to secure the casing to the well wall to prevent the wall from collapsing. Its purpose is to seal loose, easy to collapse, easy to leak and other complex strata; Seal off oil, gas and water layers to prevent mutual leakage; Install wellheads to control oil flow for drilling or producing oil and gas.
Wellbore structure
Includes: (1) casing level of a well; (2) Diameter and depth of each layer of casing; (3) the corresponding bit diameter and drilling depth of each casing; (4) the height of cement return outside each layer of casing, etc.
Casing string substructure
(1) Guide shoe: guide casing into the well to avoid casing insertion or scraping the well wall; (2) Casing shoes: guide the drilling tool inside the drilling into the casing; (3) Swirl nipple: make the cement slurry swirl back, which is conducive to replacing the mud and improving the quality of cement injection; (4) casing back pressure Val: to prevent cement slurry reflux, casing time to prevent mud into the casing; (5) Support ring (250 Liqui-Lok) : support rubber plug, control cement plug height; (6) Casing centralizer: the casing is centered in the drilling and the cementing quality is improved. \ue004
Cementing construction process
Run the casing to the preset depth \u2192 fill the cement head, circulation the mud, connect the ground pipeline \u2192 pump the spacer \u2192 fill the cement \u2192 top the rubber plug \u2192 replace the mud \u2192 touch the pressure \u2192 finish the cement filling and wait for setting.
Completion wellhead device
(1) Casing head — seal two layers of casing annulus, hang the second part of casing string and bear part of the weight; (2) Tubing head — bearing cone pipe hanging, connecting oil layer casing and tree, blowout gate, pipeline; (3) Tree – control oil and gas flow, safe and planned production, completion testing, injection, well killing, oil well wax removal and other operations.
Liner cementing method
Liner cementing is a cementing method in which casing is inserted in the upper part of the well and only the newly drilled open hole section is sealed by cementing the casing. There are three ways to fix the liner: the liner sitting at the bottom of the hole; Cement ring suspension method; Liner hanger (PM600) suspension method.
Oil testing
After the discovery of oil and gas reservoirs in drilling, it is also necessary to make the oil, oil in the gas reservoir and air flow from the bottom of the well to the ground, and to obtain dynamic data such as oil, gas and pressure, as well as the properties of oil, gas and water, which is called oil testing (gas).
perforate
When the drilling is completed, the casing needs to be cemented to fix the well wall, and then the perforator is inserted to shoot the casing and cement ring until the oil (gas) layer is opened, and the channel for the oil and gas to flow into the wellbore is called perforation. At present, there are two kinds of perforator widely used at home and abroad: bullet perforator and jet perforator.
Bottom hole pollution
Bottom hole pollution, also known as bottom hole damage, refers to the phenomenon that the permeability of the formation near the wellbore is reduced due to the loss of drilling fluid or the filtrate of water-based drilling fluid leaking into the formation during drilling or workover.
Induced flow
Before perforating, in order to prevent blowout accidents, the oil and gas well is usually filled with kill fluid. After perforating, in order to release the fluid from the formation to the surface, the fluid column of the kill fluid must be lowered to reduce the pressure on the formation fluid. This process is a process in the oil test work, called inducement spray. The induced spray method includes alternate spray method, suction method, extraction method, gas lift method, etc.
Drill pipe formation test
Drillpipe formation test is an advanced technique in which drillpipe or tubing is used to run a formation tester with packer into a well for oil testing. It can be tested either in a well with casing in it or in an open hole without casing in it. It can be tested either after drilling is completed or during drilling.
Wireline formation test
When oil and gas are found in the drilling process, the fluid samples in the formation can be obtained and the formation pressure can be measured by running the cable into the formation tester, which is called cable formation test. This test method is relatively simple, and can be carried out many times and repeatedly.
Tubing transfer perforating
Tubing transmission perforating is an advanced technology that the perforator is carried into the well by the tubing. After perforating, the formation fluid can be directly led to the surface through the tubing. It is unnecessary to inject a large amount of kill fluid into the well during perforating and avoid the pollution at the bottom of the well.
Rock porosity
The porosity of a rock is the ratio of the volume Vp of the rock that is not filled with solid material to the total volume Vb of the rock. Represented by the Greek letter \u03a6, its expression is: \u03a6=V pore\/V rock \u00d7100%=Vp\/Vb\u00d7100%\ue004
Formation oil volume factor
Formation oil volume factor \u03b2o, also known as oil underground volume factor, or oil volume factor for short. It is the ratio of the volume of crude oil in the ground (i.e. the formation oil volume) to the volume after degassing at the surface. The underground volume coefficient \u03b2o of crude oil is always greater than 1.
Fluid saturation
The saturation of a fluid is the percentage of volume that a fluid occupies in the pores of a reservoir rock. It indicates the extent to which the pore space is occupied by a particular fluid. When several phases of fluid fill the pores of a rock, the sum of the saturation of these phases is 1(100%). (2024-02-21)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A brief explanation of common drilling termsDrill bitDrill bit\uff08MacDrill\uff09is mainly divided into: scraper drill; Cone bit; Diamond drill bit; Carbide drill bit; Special drill bit, etc. The main indicators to measure the drill bit are: bit penetration and mechanical drilling rate.Eight pieces of drillThe eight parts of the drilling rig are: derrick, crane, travelling block, …<\/p>\n